44e. Vibration beat--C(66Hz)--COMPARISON--Top plate--

TOP PLATE:
When the cello is not set up with endpin, the vibration beat pattern of top plate changes like (5),4,3,2,3,4,3,2,3,4,3,2..
Meanwhile, with endpin, on the floor, the pattern also fluctuated like (*),4,3,2,3,2,3,2,, It seemes a little bit to be mollified.

LOWER BOUTS:
With endpin or(/and) on the floor, lower bouts take multi-beat. Many kind of vibration might be delivered to the lower-bouts.

ENDPIN:
The vibration beat of endpin also fluctuated for C(66Hz) note.
It was not like the lower-bouts but rather resembles the pattern of top plate.

DURATION OF VIBRATION:
Top plate's duration does not seem to be affected so much whether the endpin is set up or not.
However the duration of lower-bouts seems to be clearly shorten by the deployment of endpin.
This phenomenon might suggest that the center resonance area slightly be shifted to the upper hemisphere and losing some enough low note resonance.

------------------------------------------------------
-MEMO-
New measurements sometimes bring a new finding. Additional works for E(331Hz) and B(H,496Hz) on 'A' string will be carried out.
------------------------------------------------------

 

[ 12/26/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-C

44d. Vibration beat--C(66Hz)--COMPARISON--Lower bout--

[ 12/26/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-C

44c. Vibration beat--C(66Hz)--without endpin--

[ 12/26/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-C

44b. Vibration beat--C(66Hz)--on stand--

[ 12/26/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-C

44a. Vibration beat--C(66Hz)--on floor--

[ 12/26/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-C

43e. Vibration beat--G(98Hz)--COMPARISON--Top plate--

[ 12/19/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-G
 

Comment:

(1) Cello's top plate and also the endpin continues the clear vibration over 3 seconds after a  pizzicato of G note(open string).

(2) The vibration of the lower bouts gradually fades out around after 1.6 - 2.5 second when the endpin is set up and placed on the floor.

The lower bouts and tailpin might to be acting a role as a fulcrum of seesaw. If this is true, there is a possibility that the center resonance area of modern cello('endpin-cello') might slightly be shifted to the upper hemisphere as compared with the design of Stradivali, Montagnana etc.

(3) Cello's top plate generally fluctuated with the beats 3->2->3(->4)->3->2->3 . 
On the other hand the endpin kept 3-beat homogeneously.

43d. Vibration beat--G(98Hz)--COMPARISON--Lower bout--

[ 12/19/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-G

43c. Vibration beat--G(98Hz)--without endpin--

[ 12/19/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-G

43b. Vibration beat--G(98Hz)--on stand--

[ 12/19/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-G

43a. Vibration beat--G(98Hz)--on floor--

[ 12/19/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-G

42e. Vibration beat--D(148Hz)--COMPARISON--Top plate--

Comment:

Cello's top plate vibrates(/fluctuates) with beats 2->1->2->1->1 after a pizzicato, on the other hand the endpin keeps 2-beat persistently.

However both two components of cello sustained their vibration over 3 seconds in this measurement. The D note(148Hz) might be well matched to the top plate and also to the endpin on the floor or to their combination.

42d. Vibration beat--D(148Hz)--COMPARISON--Lower bout--

 

[ 12/13/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-D

42c. Vibration beat--D(148Hz)--without endpin--

[ 12/13/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-D

42b. Vibration beat--D(148Hz)--on stand--

[ 12/13/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-D

42a. Vibration beat--D(148Hz)--on floor--

Comment:

Cello's top plate vibrates(/fluctuates) with beats 2->1->2->1->1 after a pizzicato, on the other hand the endpin keeps 2-beat persistently.

However both two components of cello sustained their vibration over 3 seconds in this measurement. The D note(148Hz) might be well matched to the top plate and also to the endpin on the floor or to their combination.

[ 12/13/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-D

41e. Vibration beat--A(221Hz)--COMPARISON--Top plate--

[ 12/06/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-A

41d. Vibration beat--A(221Hz)--COMPARISON--Lower bout--

Comment:

The vibration of the lower bouts of cello weaken by setup of the endpin and accelerated by placing on the floor.
Yellow areas come out around 2.0 second at 'without endpin', meanwhile around 1.5 second at 'with endpin'. 

[ 12/06/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-A

41c. Vibration beat--A(221Hz)--without endpin--

Comment:

Top plate and the lower bouts seem to be interacted each other and acting naturally as an united instrument.

[ 12/06/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-A

41b. Vibration beat--A(221Hz)--on stand--

[ 12/06/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-A

41a. Vibration beat--A(221Hz)--on floor--

Comment:

Top plate vibrates for long time and the second longest part is the endpin.
The lower bouts seem to shorten their vibration time and might be acting as a fulcrum(てこの支点) when a cello is placed on the floor.

[ 12/06/2016 ]      Labels:  46..Beat.Data-A

81..AEH-SOLUTION -Exaggerated and simplified simulation-

 

[ 11/01/2016 ]      Labels:  81.Solution & Study1

70.Exaggerated simulation -Cello-

This video is an exaggerated and simplified vibration model of the cello.
The beat number (combination of beat numbers) will depend on the tone or materials (length) of the endpin.
The vibration of tailpin and lower bouts( or whole-length-vibration ) were taken into account.

-誇張され単純化されたチェロの振動モデル-

[ 10/19/2016 ]      Labels:  95.Video & Study1

20.Vibration of cello (32 times slower): Top plate

Floating in the air, without endpin
C note (66 Hz, open)
Play: 0.9 second after a pizzicato, 3 measurements
Cello: Filip Kuijken 2011
32 times slower

[ 10/17/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

20.Vibration of cello (32 times slower): Top plate

Placed on wooden floor, with steel pipe endpin
C note (66 Hz, open)
Play: 0.9 second after a pizzicato, 3 measurements
Cello: Filip Kuijken 2011
32 times slower

The vibrations of strings are transmitted to the top plate of cello. Meanwhile the movements of the top plate impact to strings behavior.
This and the next slow-motion videos show a strong linkage between the strings and the top plate.

When a cello player plays his/her cello, they can see a vibration-retention-image of strings over the fingerboard. Probably, the behavior of the strings or the beauty of the string-vibration will very well link to the vibration of the top plate and finally to his/her cello sound. Of course string material/brands or player's skill should be taken into account though.

弦の振動と表板の振動は非常によく連動しているように見えます。チェロ演奏時に指板の上に見える弦振動残像・・それは、表板の振動、そして演奏の音とダイレクトに結びついているかもしれません。

[ 10/17/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video) : Bridge (on the floor)

placed on the floor, with steel pipe endpin
C note (66 Hz, open)
Play: 0.6 seconds after a pizzicato, 3 measurements
Cello: Filip Kuijken 2011
32 times slower

The most important role of the cello bridge is to transmit the vibrations from strings to the top plate.
At the same time, contrary, the vibrations of top plate are transmitted back to strings. These slow-motion videos show an another role: The bridge resolves the potential strain between the strings and the cello body by twisting itself and by taking a beat.

チェロの駒は弦の振動を表板に伝える役割を持っています。しかし同時に胴体の振動を弦にも伝えることになります。これらビデオは、駒自身がゆがみながら弦と胴体間の位置歪を解決する別の姿を持っていることを見せてくれます。

[ 10/16/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video) : Bridge (without endpin)

floating in the air, without endpin
C note (66 Hz, open)
Play: 0.6 seconds after a pizzicato, 3 measurements
Cello: Filip Kuijken 2011
32 times slower

[ 10/16/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video) : Endpin

The vibration of a cello is invisible, however the latest super-slow-motion camera technology enables us to observe it.
The tip of the endpin, 11 inches from the cello body that is suspended in the air, is almost sympathetically vibrating with a C (66 Hz) tone from a pizzicato.

Behind the cello, a metronome beats a 200 tempo (3.3 times/sec).
Thanks to the technology of the Sony Cyber-Shot RX100M4. 32 times slower, 960 fps.

32倍スローモーションで見たエンドピンの先端の振動です。C音(66Hz)のピチカート。

振動が伝わっているのがわかります。

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

( added, 02/02/2017 )

[ 10/15/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

B0. PATENT MEMO

Granted by European Patent : ENDPIN HOLDER
Apr 13 2022, EP3267436

Granted by Japan PO : エンドピンホルダー
Oct 12 2018, No.6416017

Granted by US PTO : ENDPIN HOLDER
July 3 2018, No.10 013 956

Published by US PTO  : ENDPIN HOLDER 
15-Feb-2018,  No. US-2018-0047371-A1

Published by European P C  : ENDPIN HOLDER
10-Jan-2018,  No. EP 3 267 436

PCT/JP2015/076540 : エンドピンホルダー
(published No. WO 2016/139835)

特開-2016-161749 (JPN) : エンドピンホルダー

実用新案登録-3197284 (JPN) : エンドピンホルダー

[ 10/14/2016 ]      Labels:  B0.Patents

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video): Tailpiece

G note (98 Hz, open)
Left: placed on the floor, with steel pipe endpin
Right:floating in the air, without endpin
Play: 1.0 second after a pizzicato
Cello: Filip Kuijken 2011
32 times slower

[ 10/03/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video): Tailpiece

C note (66 Hz, open)

Left: placed on the floor, with steel pipe endpin

Right:floating in the air, without endpin

Play: 1.0 second after a pizzicato

Cello: Filip Kuijken 2011

32 times slower

 

[ 10/03/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

32.Vibration of cello (intensity): Bout C(66Hz) Pizzicato

When high tones or middle tones are played on the cello, the vibration is generally maximized around the center of the cello body. However, in the case of lower tones, they seem to swing through the whole length of the body and the endpin (see Fig. 28).

When the tip of the endpin is placed on the floor and the vibration is restricted, the counteraction might cause the cello's lower bouts to amplify their swings, and at the same time it might subdue the vibration of the upper part of cello body (on the opposite side).
In any case, the endpin seems to cause the cello's resonance to be greater or less distorted.

低音(C音)の場合、胴体＋エンドピンの全長で振動しているように見えます。エンドピンの先端を床に固定した瞬間、その反作用として底板の振動が増幅させられ、逆に胴体の上部の振動は抑制しているように見える。  ( 参照: Fig.28 )
多かれ少なかれ、チェロの響きはエンドピンによって歪められているようだ。

[ 9/19/2016 ]      Labels:  32..Intensity-Bout

31.Vibration of cello (intensity): Top plate C(66Hz) Pizzicato

Excluding strings or the bridge, the maximum vibration spot of the cello was unexpectedly found to be the tip of the endpin when the cello was lifted up in the air and a lower C note played (See Fig. 24).
 
空中で低音(C音のピチカート)を弾いた時、エンドピンの先端で胴体のそれを上回る最大強度の振動が観測された。 ( 参照: Fig.24 )

[ 9/19/2016 ]      Labels:  32..Intensity-TopPlate

A0.Advanced Endpin Holder for cello

 
The AEH holds a cello in place while letting the endpin float slightly in the air. Its design allows the vibration both horizontally and vertically.

Please discover the hidden potential ability of your own instrument and enjoy many happy hours by trying this new invention.

(Video: AEH-011 ASH-white, 8 times slower)
(Video: AEH-012 WALNUT-black, 8 times slower)

[ 9/19/2016 ]      Labels:  A0.Advertisement

80.The mechanisms and roles -AEH-

[ 9/19/2016 ]      Labels:  81.Solution & Study1

80.The mechanisms and roles -AEH-

[ 9/19/2016 ]      Labels:  81.Solution & Study1

A0. FAQ 1

Q. How much improvement in sound is there going to be if I use the Advanced Endpin Holder?

A. Try playing an open string or performing tremolo on the C string or the G string with the tip of the endpin slightly off the floor floating in the air. Then try comparing the sound to the one with the endpin placed normally on the floor.
- Can you hear any difference in resonance or reverberation time?
- Can you feel the difference in articulation or resistance in your bowing hand?
- Can you see any change in the tone?

If you answer yes, you can expect to get a similar sound with the AEH-001and AEH-002 as when you hold your cello off the floor roughly 50% (Half floating state). With the AEH-011 and the AEH-012 you can expect to get the same sound as when you hold your cello off the floor by 60%.

If you answer no, sorry, but you can expect almost no effect of improvement at all. However you can use it as a cool looking endpin stopper.


エンドピンを少し空中に浮かせて、通常奏法時と比較してみてください。(少しかもしれませんが)響き・残響時間・発音・右手の負荷・音色に違いがありますか？
イメージとして、AEH-001・AEH-002では50%、AEH-011・AEH-012では60%浮かせた状態を実現します。

[ 9/19/2016 ]      Labels:  A0.Advertisement

32.Vibration of cello (intensity): Bout G(98Hz) Pizzicato

[ 9/18/2016 ]      Labels:  32..Intensity-Bout

31.Vibration of cello (intensity): Top plate G(98Hz) Pizzicato

[ 9/18/2016 ]      Labels:  31..Intensity-TopPlate

10.1 Theme

[ 9/18/2016 ]     Labels: 10.Theme & Topics

Why is the resonance of a modern cello slightly different from a baroque cello?

Why do modern cello players meet some resistance from strings?

63.Wolf tone (slow-motion video)

Wolf tones are created on the cello mainly at E tone or at F tone.
Let's compare the E tone on the D string (first position) and on the G string (fourth position) by a 32-times slower video. (E = 166 Hz, up-bowing)

All other tones seemed to be a complex waveform. Each component waveform, some come from a reflection inside the cello body, others can be newly created by friction between bow and string, merges together and is then replaced by new-born waveforms. It is really natural and ever-changing.

Meanwhile, the E tone, like a sine wave, is special. It seems like an obstinate unified waveform that does not allow any other elements.
When the input from a player goes beyond the limit, a new exact opposite phase waveform will be created in no time, then waveforms suddenly disappear or are nullified.
It is like a symptom of 'arrhythmia' (:abnormal rhythm or disappearance of pulse).
 
チェロのE(またはF)音はサインカーブのような１ビート波形です。その波形に取り込めないインプットが行われると逆位相の波形を生成して、突然消える。ウルフトーンは「不整脈」に似ている。

[ 9/18/2016 ]      Labels:  63.Wolf tone

A1. ADVANCED ENDPIN HOLDER

[ 9/18/2016 ]      Labels:  A1..AEH

チェロを床に寝かせて置いて、例えばＣ線弦をはじいてみてください。
チェロの胴体が振動します。底板も振動しています。 底板に固定されているエンドピンも振動します。

目では識別できませんが、エンドピンの先端に触れると意外と大きく振動しているのがわかります。次に、振動している    エンドピンの先端を握ってその振動を抑止すると、逆に楽器の響きが僅かに変化するのに気づきます。
チェロがモダンチェロへと改良されて以来、約200年が経つと言われ、エンドピンはチェロの演奏性に大いに貢献しています。しかし、エンドピンをそのまま床に突き刺して先端を１点に固定してしまうと、楽器の一部の自然な響きが損なわれ(抑制され)てしまう可能性があることを意味します。

エンドピンをつけたまま響きを損なわないでチェロを保持することは可能でしょうか。
ADVANCED ENDPIN HOLDER は、エンドピンを含めてチェロをわずかに空中に浮かせて保持します。

楽器胴体からエンドピン先端に伝わってくる振動を、垂直方向及び水平方向ともに可能な限り生かし、エンドピンの先端に自由度を保たせながら、柔らかく保持する構造となっています。   

その結果、エンドピンを床に突き刺して演奏する時(ゴムキャップをつけた場合もほぼ同様)と比べて、次の改善効果が期待できます。    

    (1) 楽器本来の自然な共鳴振動に近づけることができ、柔らかで心地よい倍音に富んだ響きが生み出されます。

    (2) 特に中・低音域で、弦からの抵抗が減り、音の分離と発音が良くなり、奏者はよりスムーズで細かな表現が可能になります。
   
デリケートな音の世界の話ではありますが、バロックチェロの響きの良さ・発音の良さのを想像させるような心地よい新たな響きと発音の世界を体験することができます。

A1. Advanced Endpin Holder

 [ 9/18/2016 ]      Labels:  A1..AEH

Try placing your cello on the floor, pluck the C string and watch the body vibrate. The bottom plate (lower bout ribs) and the endpin fixed to it both vibrate as well. Although you cannot see the vibration, you can feel if you touch the tip of the endpin. The vibration is stronger than you may think. If you stop the vibration by holding the tip of the endpin, you will notice a subtle change of sound. 

The first modern cello is said to have been created about two hundred years ago with the introduction of the endpin, which helped to greatly enhance the instruments performance. However, with the endpin fixed in one place on the floor there is a possibility of spoiling the cello's natural resonance.
Is it possible to hold a cello in place with the endpin without losing its perfect sound? 

The Advanced Endpin Holder holds a cello in place while letting the endpin float slightly in the air. Its design allows the vibration from the cello's body through the point of the endpin, both horizontally and vertically, to sustain as well as possible. At the same time it gently holds the cello in place, leaving room for the tip of the endpin to vibrate. 

Consequently, you can expect the improved effects listed below in comparison to the sound achieved  when either resting an endpin directly onto the floor or with a rubber cap attached. 

1. The Advanced Endpin Holder enables the cello's sound to be close to an original natural resonant vibration and provides gentle and comfortable sounds with full harmonic overtones.  

2. It enables the player to perform with more sensitive expression as it improves the articulation and separation of the sounds by reducing the resistance from the strings, especially in the middle and lower range of sound.  

You can experience an unknown field of improved sound and an articulation which is reminiscent of the Baroque cello's splendid sound and clear articulation.

A1. Advanced Endpin Holder

Advanced Endpin Holder
improves resonance and response on your cello.

[ 9/18/2016,,, ]      Labels:  A1..AEH

A1. Advanced Endpin Holder

Advanced Endpin Holder
improves resonance and articulations on your cello.
- Currently official sales suspended -

[ 9/18/2016,,, ]      Labels:  A1..AEH 

32.Vibration of cello (intensity): Bout D(147Hz) Pizzicato

[ 9/17/2016 ]      Labels:  32..Intensity-Bout

31.Vibration of cello (intensity): Top plate D(147Hz) Pizzicato

[ 9/17/2016 ]      Labels:  31..Intensity-TopPlate

30.Vibration of cello (intensity): Advanced Endpin Holder G(98Hz) Pizzicato

The Advanced Endpin Holder allows the tip of the endpin to vibrate. 

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  30.Vibration-Intensity

30.Vibration of cello (intensity): Advanced Endpin Holder C(66Hz) Pizzicato

The Advanced Endpin Holder allows the tip of the endpin to vibrate.

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  30.Vibration-Intensity

32.Vibration of cello (intensity): Bout A(221Hz) Pizzicato

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  32..Intensity-Bout

31.Vibration of cello (intensity): Top plate A(221Hz) Pizzicato

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  31..Intensity-TopPlate

30.Vibration of cello (intensity): Measuring equipment

Let's try to measure the real vibration intensity of a cello.

Device: Vibration meter VB-8205SD
Cello: Made in Germany around 1905.
Endpin: Steel pipe

The intensity of vibration:
The most sensible indication of vibration, is known as 'velocity' (the changing rate of displacement to time, mm/sec etc.) within the frequency range of 10 to 1000 Hz.

Originally planned measuring points are dotted on the cello and the endpin as seen in the photo.
Ten measurements were taken by playing mezzoforte pizzicato and averaged at each point.

バイブレーションメーターを使って実際のチェロの振動を測定してみました。
ピチカート音を10回測定して平均しました。この周波数領域では「速度(mm/s)」が近似の指標となります。

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  30.Vibration-Intensity

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video) : Scroll

The cello has 3 major resonant places: The body center, the endpin and the scroll.

 C (66 Hz) pizzicato, 32 times slower,  2 measurements
Scroll swings in 1 beat.
 
チェロの"スクロール・ペグ"の共振動。
チェロの３大共振場所は、①胴体の中心付近、②エンドピン、③スクロール(渦巻き・ペグ)のようです。

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

20.Vibration of cello (slow-motion video) : C-G-D-A string

C (66 Hz), G(98Hz), D(147Hz), A(221Hz)   -pizzicato-

40 times slower, 960 fps.

In order to minimize any interference, the endpin was removed.
C string swings in 1 beat.

 
エンドピン無しで、チェロの弦振動をスローモーションで撮ってみました。
オシロスコープの表示は、マイクで集音し変換しているために少々時間に遅れがあります。

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  20.Vibration-Video

10.0 Theme cover photos

A hovering kite at Takobana, JAPAN

島根半島多古鼻、海上を滑空する一羽のとんび。

[ 9/16/2016 ]      Labels:  10.Theme & Topics